Main Analysis
The following barcharts plot means with 95% confidence intervals. This first figure plots the overall rate of belief, click and sharing outcomes for stimuli (true and false).
Tables are the results of mixed effect models run as specified in the pre-analysis plan with linear regressions. We use mixed effect models because we are not interested in the “effect” of each specific respondent/headline on the outcome (belief, click, share), rather we hope our results generalize to other headlines and respondents. However, we know that the outcomes from the same respondent and for the same headline are likely correlated, so we want to control for that by including headline and respondent random effects.
For robustness, we also present results using logit models. These tables present odds ratios (odds ratios > 1 indicate a positive relationship, < 1 indicates a negative relationship). In all models, the emotion and veracity (true/false) variables have been recoded such that true = .5, false = -.5 and emotion = .5, absence of that emotion = -.5.

Neutral or any emotion

Linear regression mixed effects model
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Dependent variable:
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belief
|
click
|
share
|
|
|
(1)
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(2)
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(3)
|
|
|
|
neutralC
|
-0.172***
|
-0.206***
|
-0.224***
|
|
|
(0.029)
|
(0.019)
|
(0.019)
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|
|
|
|
|
|
trueC
|
0.263***
|
0.071
|
0.148*
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|
|
(0.090)
|
(0.066)
|
(0.079)
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|
|
|
|
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|
neutralC:trueC
|
0.112*
|
-0.032
|
0.026
|
|
|
(0.057)
|
(0.037)
|
(0.035)
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|
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|
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Constant
|
0.699***
|
0.719***
|
0.580***
|
|
|
(0.045)
|
(0.033)
|
(0.040)
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|
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Observations
|
13,410
|
13,409
|
13,409
|
|
Log Likelihood
|
-5,996.359
|
-5,329.677
|
-6,794.762
|
|
Akaike Inf. Crit.
|
12,010.720
|
10,677.350
|
13,607.520
|
|
Bayesian Inf. Crit.
|
12,078.250
|
10,744.890
|
13,675.060
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
p<0.1; p<0.05; p<0.01
|
Logistic mixed effects model
|
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belief
|
click
|
share
|
|
Predictors
|
Odds Ratios
|
p
|
Odds Ratios
|
p
|
Odds Ratios
|
p
|
|
(Intercept)
|
4.21
|
<0.001
|
4.92
|
<0.001
|
1.96
|
0.010
|
|
neutralC
|
0.30
|
<0.001
|
0.22
|
<0.001
|
0.23
|
<0.001
|
|
trueC
|
7.54
|
<0.001
|
1.96
|
0.121
|
2.96
|
0.031
|
|
neutralC * trueC
|
0.85
|
0.541
|
0.51
|
0.005
|
0.92
|
0.695
|
|
Random Effects
|
|
σ2
|
3.29
|
3.29
|
3.29
|
|
τ00
|
1.44 respID
|
2.37 respID
|
3.48 respID
|
|
|
0.77 headline
|
0.46 headline
|
0.63 headline
|
|
τ11
|
0.11 headline.neutralC
|
0.10 headline.neutralC
|
0.05 headline.neutralC
|
|
ρ01
|
0.01 headline
|
-0.68 headline
|
-0.80 headline
|
|
ICC
|
0.40
|
0.47
|
0.56
|
|
N
|
1341 respID
|
1341 respID
|
1341 respID
|
|
|
10 headline
|
10 headline
|
10 headline
|
|
Observations
|
13410
|
13409
|
13409
|
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Marginal R2 / Conditional R2
|
0.186 / 0.515
|
0.070 / 0.510
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0.068 / 0.592
|
Anger

Linear regression mixed effects model
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Dependent variable:
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belief
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click
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share
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(1)
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(2)
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(3)
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angerC
|
-0.121***
|
-0.097***
|
-0.135***
|
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|
(0.046)
|
(0.036)
|
(0.039)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
trueC
|
0.270***
|
0.129**
|
0.181**
|
|
|
(0.080)
|
(0.059)
|
(0.072)
|
|
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|
|
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angerC:trueC
|
0.110
|
0.089
|
0.088
|
|
|
(0.091)
|
(0.072)
|
(0.079)
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|
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|
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Constant
|
0.714***
|
0.760***
|
0.613***
|
|
|
(0.040)
|
(0.030)
|
(0.037)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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Observations
|
13,410
|
13,409
|
13,409
|
|
Log Likelihood
|
-6,083.703
|
-5,456.297
|
-6,890.745
|
|
Akaike Inf. Crit.
|
12,185.410
|
10,930.590
|
13,799.490
|
|
Bayesian Inf. Crit.
|
12,252.940
|
10,998.130
|
13,867.020
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
p<0.1; p<0.05; p<0.01
|
Logistic regression mixed effects model
|
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belief
|
click
|
share
|
|
Predictors
|
Odds Ratios
|
p
|
Odds Ratios
|
p
|
Odds Ratios
|
p
|
|
(Intercept)
|
4.59
|
<0.001
|
6.49
|
<0.001
|
2.42
|
<0.001
|
|
angerC
|
0.41
|
<0.001
|
0.49
|
0.001
|
0.40
|
<0.001
|
|
trueC
|
8.21
|
<0.001
|
2.87
|
0.015
|
3.55
|
0.007
|
|
angerC * trueC
|
1.00
|
0.995
|
1.38
|
0.456
|
1.36
|
0.512
|
|
Random Effects
|
|
σ2
|
3.29
|
3.29
|
3.29
|
|
τ00
|
1.48 respID
|
2.52 respID
|
3.70 respID
|
|
|
0.67 headline
|
0.45 headline
|
0.53 headline
|
|
τ11
|
0.47 headline.angerC
|
0.36 headline.angerC
|
0.45 headline.angerC
|
|
ρ01
|
-0.12 headline
|
-0.12 headline
|
-0.22 headline
|
|
ICC
|
0.41
|
0.48
|
0.57
|
|
N
|
1341 respID
|
1341 respID
|
1341 respID
|
|
|
10 headline
|
10 headline
|
10 headline
|
|
Observations
|
13410
|
13409
|
13409
|
|
Marginal R2 / Conditional R2
|
0.183 / 0.521
|
0.046 / 0.508
|
0.058 / 0.598
|
Fear

Linear regression mixed effects model
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Dependent variable:
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belief
|
click
|
share
|
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(1)
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(2)
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(3)
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fearC
|
0.073**
|
0.078***
|
0.099***
|
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(0.031)
|
(0.022)
|
(0.034)
|
|
|
|
|
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trueC
|
0.226***
|
0.090*
|
0.163***
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|
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(0.058)
|
(0.048)
|
(0.061)
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fearC:trueC
|
0.016
|
0.024
|
0.077
|
|
|
(0.061)
|
(0.045)
|
(0.067)
|
|
|
|
|
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Constant
|
0.793***
|
0.826***
|
0.700***
|
|
|
(0.029)
|
(0.025)
|
(0.031)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Observations
|
13,410
|
13,409
|
13,409
|
|
Log Likelihood
|
-6,121.023
|
-5,483.299
|
-6,906.449
|
|
Akaike Inf. Crit.
|
12,260.050
|
10,984.600
|
13,830.900
|
|
Bayesian Inf. Crit.
|
12,327.580
|
11,052.130
|
13,898.430
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
p<0.1; p<0.05; p<0.01
|
Logistic regression mixed effects model
|
|
belief
|
click
|
share
|
|
Predictors
|
Odds Ratios
|
p
|
Odds Ratios
|
p
|
Odds Ratios
|
p
|
|
(Intercept)
|
8.83
|
<0.001
|
11.23
|
<0.001
|
4.44
|
<0.001
|
|
fearC
|
2.26
|
<0.001
|
2.24
|
<0.001
|
2.13
|
<0.001
|
|
trueC
|
10.08
|
<0.001
|
2.85
|
0.011
|
3.81
|
0.002
|
|
fearC * trueC
|
2.21
|
0.016
|
1.86
|
0.063
|
2.17
|
0.035
|
|
Random Effects
|
|
σ2
|
3.29
|
3.29
|
3.29
|
|
τ00
|
1.51 respID
|
2.53 respID
|
3.69 respID
|
|
|
0.55 headline
|
0.39 headline
|
0.43 headline
|
|
τ11
|
0.15 headline.fearC
|
0.16 headline.fearC
|
0.25 headline.fearC
|
|
ρ01
|
-0.38 headline
|
-0.25 headline
|
-0.59 headline
|
|
ICC
|
0.40
|
0.48
|
0.57
|
|
N
|
1341 respID
|
1341 respID
|
1341 respID
|
|
|
10 headline
|
10 headline
|
10 headline
|
|
Observations
|
13410
|
13409
|
13409
|
|
Marginal R2 / Conditional R2
|
0.196 / 0.516
|
0.054 / 0.505
|
0.060 / 0.594
|
Happiness

Linear regression mixed effects model
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Dependent variable:
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belief
|
click
|
share
|
|
|
belief
|
click
|
share
|
|
|
(1)
|
(2)
|
(3)
|
|
|
|
happyC
|
0.155***
|
0.108***
|
0.158***
|
|
|
(0.031)
|
(0.025)
|
(0.026)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
trueC
|
0.191***
|
0.077
|
0.109*
|
|
|
(0.057)
|
(0.049)
|
(0.062)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
happyC:trueC
|
-0.196***
|
-0.088*
|
-0.189***
|
|
|
(0.062)
|
(0.049)
|
(0.052)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Constant
|
0.802***
|
0.826***
|
0.705***
|
|
|
(0.029)
|
(0.025)
|
(0.032)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Observations
|
13,410
|
13,409
|
13,409
|
|
Log Likelihood
|
-5,853.160
|
-5,393.049
|
-6,715.281
|
|
Akaike Inf. Crit.
|
11,724.320
|
10,804.100
|
13,448.560
|
|
Bayesian Inf. Crit.
|
11,791.850
|
10,871.630
|
13,516.090
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
p<0.1; p<0.05; p<0.01
|
Logistic mixed effects model
|
|
belief
|
click
|
share
|
|
Predictors
|
Odds Ratios
|
p
|
Odds Ratios
|
p
|
Odds Ratios
|
p
|
|
(Intercept)
|
9.15
|
<0.001
|
12.28
|
<0.001
|
5.11
|
<0.001
|
|
happyC
|
3.21
|
<0.001
|
3.19
|
<0.001
|
3.71
|
<0.001
|
|
trueC
|
7.07
|
<0.001
|
2.25
|
0.066
|
2.54
|
0.057
|
|
happyC * trueC
|
0.48
|
0.031
|
0.52
|
0.121
|
0.32
|
0.001
|
|
Random Effects
|
|
σ2
|
3.29
|
3.29
|
3.29
|
|
τ00
|
1.42 respID
|
2.55 respID
|
3.90 respID
|
|
|
0.57 headline
|
0.45 headline
|
0.58 headline
|
|
τ11
|
0.17 headline.happyC
|
0.32 headline.happyC
|
0.17 headline.happyC
|
|
ρ01
|
-0.70 headline
|
0.04 headline
|
-0.10 headline
|
|
ICC
|
0.40
|
0.48
|
0.58
|
|
N
|
1341 respID
|
1341 respID
|
1341 respID
|
|
|
10 headline
|
10 headline
|
10 headline
|
|
Observations
|
13410
|
13409
|
13409
|
|
Marginal R2 / Conditional R2
|
0.195 / 0.514
|
0.066 / 0.517
|
0.082 / 0.614
|
Sadness

Linear regression mixed effects model
|
|
|
|
Dependent variable:
|
|
|
|
|
|
belief
|
click
|
share
|
|
|
belief
|
click
|
share
|
|
|
(1)
|
(2)
|
(3)
|
|
|
|
sadC
|
0.020
|
0.018
|
0.002
|
|
|
(0.024)
|
(0.025)
|
(0.029)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
trueC
|
0.232***
|
0.105*
|
0.173**
|
|
|
(0.072)
|
(0.056)
|
(0.073)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
sadC:trueC
|
0.042
|
0.057
|
0.092
|
|
|
(0.048)
|
(0.051)
|
(0.057)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Constant
|
0.766***
|
0.797***
|
0.659***
|
|
|
(0.036)
|
(0.029)
|
(0.037)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Observations
|
13,410
|
13,409
|
13,409
|
|
Log Likelihood
|
-6,133.851
|
-5,493.764
|
-6,947.877
|
|
Akaike Inf. Crit.
|
12,285.700
|
11,005.530
|
13,913.750
|
|
Bayesian Inf. Crit.
|
12,353.240
|
11,073.060
|
13,981.290
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
p<0.1; p<0.05; p<0.01
|
Logistic mixed effects model
|
|
belief
|
click
|
share
|
|
Predictors
|
Odds Ratios
|
p
|
Odds Ratios
|
p
|
Odds Ratios
|
p
|
|
(Intercept)
|
7.00
|
<0.001
|
8.54
|
<0.001
|
3.28
|
<0.001
|
|
sadC
|
1.53
|
0.007
|
1.28
|
0.177
|
1.04
|
0.803
|
|
trueC
|
9.56
|
<0.001
|
2.98
|
0.016
|
3.81
|
0.007
|
|
sadC * trueC
|
2.49
|
0.004
|
2.12
|
0.038
|
2.03
|
0.025
|
|
Random Effects
|
|
σ2
|
3.29
|
3.29
|
3.29
|
|
τ00
|
1.48 respID
|
2.49 respID
|
3.68 respID
|
|
|
0.80 headline
|
0.50 headline
|
0.61 headline
|
|
τ11
|
0.18 headline.sadC
|
0.26 headline.sadC
|
0.19 headline.sadC
|
|
ρ01
|
0.47 headline
|
0.08 headline
|
-0.26 headline
|
|
ICC
|
0.40
|
0.48
|
0.57
|
|
N
|
1341 respID
|
1341 respID
|
1341 respID
|
|
|
10 headline
|
10 headline
|
10 headline
|
|
Observations
|
13410
|
13409
|
13409
|
|
Marginal R2 / Conditional R2
|
0.182 / 0.513
|
0.042 / 0.501
|
0.045 / 0.591
|
Surprise

Linear regression mixed effects model
Model with only random intercepts due to singularity.
|
|
|
|
Dependent variable:
|
|
|
|
|
|
belief
|
click
|
share
|
|
|
belief
|
click
|
share
|
|
|
(1)
|
(2)
|
(3)
|
|
|
|
surpriseC
|
0.016**
|
0.090***
|
0.061***
|
|
|
(0.008)
|
(0.007)
|
(0.008)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
trueC
|
0.214***
|
0.098
|
0.144*
|
|
|
(0.077)
|
(0.067)
|
(0.086)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
surpriseC:trueC
|
-0.052***
|
-0.022
|
-0.038**
|
|
|
(0.015)
|
(0.014)
|
(0.016)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Constant
|
0.767***
|
0.817***
|
0.678***
|
|
|
(0.039)
|
(0.034)
|
(0.043)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Observations
|
13,410
|
13,409
|
13,409
|
|
Log Likelihood
|
-6,144.651
|
-5,439.658
|
-6,937.499
|
|
Akaike Inf. Crit.
|
12,303.300
|
10,893.320
|
13,889.000
|
|
Bayesian Inf. Crit.
|
12,355.830
|
10,945.840
|
13,941.520
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
p<0.1; p<0.05; p<0.01
|
Logit mixed effects model
|
|
belief
|
click
|
share
|
|
Predictors
|
Odds Ratios
|
p
|
Odds Ratios
|
p
|
Odds Ratios
|
p
|
|
(Intercept)
|
6.63
|
<0.001
|
10.25
|
<0.001
|
3.73
|
<0.001
|
|
surpriseC
|
1.07
|
0.286
|
2.26
|
<0.001
|
1.50
|
<0.001
|
|
trueC
|
7.62
|
<0.001
|
2.88
|
0.038
|
3.23
|
0.036
|
|
surpriseC * trueC
|
0.78
|
0.044
|
1.15
|
0.289
|
0.94
|
0.599
|
|
Random Effects
|
|
σ2
|
3.29
|
3.29
|
3.29
|
|
τ00
|
1.48 respID
|
2.37 respID
|
3.54 respID
|
|
|
0.79 headline
|
0.64 headline
|
0.78 headline
|
|
ICC
|
0.41
|
0.48
|
0.57
|
|
N
|
1341 respID
|
1341 respID
|
1341 respID
|
|
|
10 headline
|
10 headline
|
10 headline
|
|
Observations
|
13410
|
13409
|
13409
|
|
Marginal R2 / Conditional R2
|
0.162 / 0.504
|
0.050 / 0.504
|
0.044 / 0.586
|
Disgust

Linear regression mixed effects model
Only random slope for headline, otherwise singular for belief logit model.
|
|
|
|
Dependent variable:
|
|
|
|
|
|
belief
|
click
|
share
|
|
|
belief
|
click
|
share
|
|
|
(1)
|
(2)
|
(3)
|
|
|
|
disgustC
|
-0.137***
|
-0.147***
|
-0.168***
|
|
|
(0.042)
|
(0.034)
|
(0.039)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
trueC
|
0.250***
|
0.132**
|
0.177**
|
|
|
(0.077)
|
(0.058)
|
(0.077)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
disgustC:trueC
|
0.081
|
0.110
|
0.086
|
|
|
(0.084)
|
(0.068)
|
(0.078)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Constant
|
0.706***
|
0.739***
|
0.599***
|
|
|
(0.039)
|
(0.029)
|
(0.039)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Observations
|
13,410
|
13,409
|
13,409
|
|
Log Likelihood
|
-6,091.117
|
-5,417.688
|
-6,869.702
|
|
Akaike Inf. Crit.
|
12,200.230
|
10,853.380
|
13,757.400
|
|
Bayesian Inf. Crit.
|
12,267.770
|
10,920.910
|
13,824.940
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
p<0.1; p<0.05; p<0.01
|
Logit mixed effects model
|
|
belief
|
click
|
share
|
|
Predictors
|
Odds Ratios
|
p
|
Odds Ratios
|
p
|
Odds Ratios
|
p
|
|
(Intercept)
|
4.27
|
<0.001
|
5.72
|
<0.001
|
2.23
|
0.002
|
|
disgustC
|
0.36
|
<0.001
|
0.35
|
<0.001
|
0.34
|
<0.001
|
|
trueC
|
6.94
|
<0.001
|
2.88
|
0.015
|
3.50
|
0.014
|
|
disgustC * trueC
|
0.79
|
0.633
|
1.59
|
0.269
|
1.42
|
0.440
|
|
Random Effects
|
|
σ2
|
3.29
|
3.29
|
3.29
|
|
τ00
|
1.51 respID
|
2.60 respID
|
3.70 respID
|
|
|
0.59 headline
|
0.44 headline
|
0.63 headline
|
|
τ11
|
0.44 headline.disgustC
|
0.29 headline.disgustC
|
0.39 headline.disgustC
|
|
ρ01
|
-0.24 headline
|
-0.03 headline
|
0.10 headline
|
|
ICC
|
0.41
|
0.49
|
0.57
|
|
N
|
1341 respID
|
1341 respID
|
1341 respID
|
|
|
10 headline
|
10 headline
|
10 headline
|
|
Observations
|
13410
|
13409
|
13409
|
|
Marginal R2 / Conditional R2
|
0.176 / 0.516
|
0.052 / 0.514
|
0.059 / 0.597
|
Anger, Fear, Sadness, Happiness and Belief

Linear mixed effects models with emotion strength
|
|
|
|
Dependent variable:
|
|
|
|
|
|
belief
|
|
|
(1)
|
(2)
|
(3)
|
(4)
|
(5)
|
(6)
|
|
|
|
emostrengthanger2
|
-0.021**
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(0.009)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
emostrengthfear2
|
|
0.012**
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(0.006)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
emostrengthsad2
|
|
|
0.004
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(0.004)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
emostrengthhappy2
|
|
|
|
0.028***
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(0.005)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
emostrengthsurprise2
|
|
|
|
|
0.005***
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(0.001)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
emostrengthdisgust2
|
|
|
|
|
|
-0.022***
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(0.008)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
trueC
|
0.217***
|
0.218***
|
0.212***
|
0.287***
|
0.242***
|
0.211***
|
|
|
(0.080)
|
(0.079)
|
(0.079)
|
(0.084)
|
(0.077)
|
(0.078)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
emostrengthanger2:trueC
|
0.021
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(0.017)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
emostrengthfear2:trueC
|
|
0.004
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(0.011)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
emostrengthsad2:trueC
|
|
|
0.008
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(0.009)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
emostrengthhappy2:trueC
|
|
|
|
-0.032***
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(0.010)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
emostrengthsurprise2:trueC
|
|
|
|
|
-0.010***
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(0.003)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
emostrengthdisgust2:trueC
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.017
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(0.017)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Constant
|
0.772***
|
0.757***
|
0.756***
|
0.725***
|
0.756***
|
0.772***
|
|
|
(0.040)
|
(0.039)
|
(0.040)
|
(0.042)
|
(0.039)
|
(0.039)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Observations
|
13,410
|
13,410
|
13,410
|
13,410
|
13,410
|
13,410
|
|
Log Likelihood
|
-6,094.351
|
-6,124.775
|
-6,136.415
|
-5,846.123
|
-6,141.368
|
-6,103.722
|
|
Akaike Inf. Crit.
|
12,206.700
|
12,267.550
|
12,290.830
|
11,710.250
|
12,296.740
|
12,225.440
|
|
Bayesian Inf. Crit.
|
12,274.240
|
12,335.080
|
12,358.360
|
11,777.780
|
12,349.260
|
12,292.980
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
p<0.1; p<0.05; p<0.01
|
Main results interacted with partisanship
There is no significant interaction between identifying with a party “party_close” and veracity or the triple interaction with the emotion for models where the outcome is belief. For models predicting intention to share in the table below, the triple interaction is not significant but veracity[true] x party_close is greater than 1 and statistically significant in the happy and fear models, indicating that individuals who identify with a party are more likely to share true than false info, compare to people who do not identify with any party. Overall, partisans are more likely to share stimuli than non-partisans. [below are logit models]
|
|
share
|
share
|
share
|
|
Predictors
|
Odds Ratios
|
p
|
Odds Ratios
|
p
|
Odds Ratios
|
p
|
|
(Intercept)
|
4.48
|
<0.001
|
2.74
|
<0.001
|
3.62
|
<0.001
|
|
happyC
|
4.24
|
<0.001
|
|
|
|
|
|
trueC
|
2.53
|
0.058
|
3.66
|
0.010
|
3.79
|
0.002
|
|
party_close
|
1.84
|
<0.001
|
2.30
|
<0.001
|
2.53
|
<0.001
|
|
happyC * trueC
|
0.33
|
0.002
|
|
|
|
|
|
happyC * party_close
|
0.52
|
<0.001
|
|
|
|
|
|
trueC * party_close
|
1.12
|
0.482
|
1.38
|
0.037
|
1.11
|
0.585
|
(happyC * trueC) * party_close
|
0.72
|
0.335
|
|
|
|
|
|
sadC
|
|
|
1.04
|
0.789
|
|
|
|
sadC * trueC
|
|
|
1.99
|
0.031
|
|
|
|
sadC * party_close
|
|
|
0.95
|
0.747
|
|
|
(sadC * trueC) * party_close
|
|
|
1.16
|
0.628
|
|
|
|
fearC
|
|
|
|
|
2.02
|
<0.001
|
|
fearC * trueC
|
|
|
|
|
2.33
|
0.026
|
|
fearC * party_close
|
|
|
|
|
1.25
|
0.273
|
(fearC * trueC) * party_close
|
|
|
|
|
0.68
|
0.325
|
|
Random Effects
|
|
σ2
|
3.29
|
3.29
|
3.29
|
|
τ00
|
3.74 respID
|
3.51 respID
|
3.54 respID
|
|
|
0.57 headline
|
0.61 headline
|
0.44 headline
|
|
τ11
|
0.18 headline.happyC
|
0.18 headline.sadC
|
0.25 headline.fearC
|
|
ρ01
|
-0.12 headline
|
-0.29 headline
|
-0.57 headline
|
|
ICC
|
0.57
|
0.56
|
0.56
|
|
N
|
1320 respID
|
1320 respID
|
1320 respID
|
|
|
10 headline
|
10 headline
|
10 headline
|
|
Observations
|
13200
|
13200
|
13200
|
|
Marginal R2 / Conditional R2
|
0.099 / 0.614
|
0.064 / 0.590
|
0.079 / 0.594
|
The below table interacts main models with APC (ruling party partisanship) - among individuals who say they identify with a political party. A majority of respondents (60%) do not say they feel close to any political party, which are used in the table above. [below are logit models w/ only random intercepts]
|
|
belief
|
belief
|
belief
|
|
Predictors
|
Odds Ratios
|
p
|
Odds Ratios
|
p
|
Odds Ratios
|
p
|
|
(Intercept)
|
10.98
|
<0.001
|
9.70
|
<0.001
|
12.00
|
<0.001
|
|
happyC
|
2.54
|
<0.001
|
|
|
|
|
|
trueC
|
9.00
|
<0.001
|
13.34
|
<0.001
|
12.63
|
<0.001
|
|
APC
|
1.54
|
0.097
|
1.01
|
0.980
|
1.16
|
0.587
|
|
happyC * trueC
|
0.28
|
0.009
|
|
|
|
|
|
happyC * APC
|
1.96
|
0.097
|
|
|
|
|
|
trueC * APC
|
0.78
|
0.521
|
0.59
|
0.081
|
0.72
|
0.423
|
|
(happyC * trueC) * APC
|
3.27
|
0.135
|
|
|
|
|
|
sadC
|
|
|
1.49
|
0.082
|
|
|
|
sadC * trueC
|
|
|
1.48
|
0.378
|
|
|
|
sadC * APC
|
|
|
0.68
|
0.226
|
|
|
|
(sadC * trueC) * APC
|
|
|
1.89
|
0.299
|
|
|
|
fearC
|
|
|
|
|
2.38
|
0.003
|
|
fearC * trueC
|
|
|
|
|
1.24
|
0.704
|
|
fearC * APC
|
|
|
|
|
1.02
|
0.959
|
|
(fearC * trueC) * APC
|
|
|
|
|
3.03
|
0.182
|
|
Random Effects
|
|
σ2
|
3.29
|
3.29
|
3.29
|
|
τ00
|
2.01 respID
|
2.19 respID
|
2.22 respID
|
|
|
0.64 headline
|
0.62 headline
|
0.58 headline
|
|
ICC
|
0.45
|
0.46
|
0.46
|
|
N
|
306 respID
|
306 respID
|
306 respID
|
|
|
10 headline
|
10 headline
|
10 headline
|
|
Observations
|
3060
|
3060
|
3060
|
|
Marginal R2 / Conditional R2
|
0.206 / 0.561
|
0.179 / 0.558
|
0.202 / 0.570
|
|
|
belief
|
click
|
share
|
|
Predictors
|
Odds Ratios
|
p
|
Odds Ratios
|
p
|
Odds Ratios
|
p
|
|
(Intercept)
|
8.87
|
<0.001
|
11.79
|
<0.001
|
4.92
|
<0.001
|
|
trueC
|
12.97
|
<0.001
|
3.39
|
0.004
|
3.82
|
0.006
|
|
APC
|
1.17
|
0.468
|
2.16
|
0.007
|
1.90
|
0.011
|
|
trueC * APC
|
0.47
|
0.001
|
1.16
|
0.561
|
0.96
|
0.841
|
|
Random Effects
|
|
σ2
|
3.29
|
3.29
|
3.29
|
|
τ00
|
2.20 respID
|
3.78 respID
|
3.70 respID
|
|
|
0.68 headline
|
0.38 headline
|
0.54 headline
|
|
ICC
|
0.47
|
0.56
|
0.56
|
|
N
|
306 respID
|
306 respID
|
306 respID
|
|
|
10 headline
|
10 headline
|
10 headline
|
|
Observations
|
3060
|
3060
|
3060
|
|
Marginal R2 / Conditional R2
|
0.170 / 0.557
|
0.071 / 0.589
|
0.067 / 0.592
|
Main linear models with controls
Main results for neutral, fear, sadness, and happiness using linear mixed effect regressions - controlling for gender, age, and education level. Belief regression controlling for gender, age, education level.[All models have both headline and respondent random intercepts and random slopes for the emotion wrt headline.]
|
|
|
|
Dependent variable:
|
|
|
|
|
|
belief
|
|
|
(1)
|
(2)
|
(3)
|
(4)
|
(5)
|
(6)
|
(7)
|
|
|
|
neutralC
|
-0.174***
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(0.029)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
fearC
|
|
0.074**
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(0.031)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
sadC
|
|
|
0.020
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(0.024)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
angerC
|
|
|
|
-0.120***
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(0.047)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
happyC
|
|
|
|
|
0.152***
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(0.032)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
surpriseC
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.017**
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(0.008)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
disgustC
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
-0.139***
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(0.043)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
trueC
|
0.271***
|
0.228***
|
0.234***
|
0.274***
|
0.192***
|
0.215***
|
0.251***
|
|
|
(0.090)
|
(0.058)
|
(0.071)
|
(0.080)
|
(0.057)
|
(0.077)
|
(0.076)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
age
|
-0.001
|
-0.001
|
-0.001
|
-0.0004
|
-0.0005
|
-0.001
|
-0.0004
|
|
|
(0.001)
|
(0.001)
|
(0.001)
|
(0.001)
|
(0.001)
|
(0.001)
|
(0.001)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
gender
|
-0.010
|
0.00004
|
0.001
|
0.001
|
-0.001
|
-0.001
|
0.003
|
|
|
(0.011)
|
(0.011)
|
(0.011)
|
(0.011)
|
(0.011)
|
(0.011)
|
(0.011)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
edu
|
-0.002
|
-0.002
|
-0.002
|
-0.002
|
-0.002
|
-0.002
|
-0.002
|
|
|
(0.005)
|
(0.005)
|
(0.005)
|
(0.005)
|
(0.005)
|
(0.005)
|
(0.005)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
neutralC:trueC
|
0.125**
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(0.057)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
fearC:trueC
|
|
0.014
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(0.063)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
sadC:trueC
|
|
|
0.041
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(0.048)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
angerC:trueC
|
|
|
|
0.113
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(0.093)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
happyC:trueC
|
|
|
|
|
-0.200***
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(0.063)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
surpriseC:trueC
|
|
|
|
|
|
-0.055***
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(0.015)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
disgustC:trueC
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.078
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(0.086)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Constant
|
0.744***
|
0.829***
|
0.797***
|
0.743***
|
0.835***
|
0.798***
|
0.728***
|
|
|
(0.058)
|
(0.048)
|
(0.052)
|
(0.055)
|
(0.046)
|
(0.054)
|
(0.054)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Observations
|
13,190
|
13,190
|
13,190
|
13,190
|
13,190
|
13,190
|
13,190
|
|
Log Likelihood
|
-5,884.218
|
-6,011.762
|
-6,026.376
|
-5,977.404
|
-5,746.957
|
-6,035.761
|
-5,983.126
|
|
Akaike Inf. Crit.
|
11,792.430
|
12,047.520
|
12,076.750
|
11,978.810
|
11,517.910
|
12,091.520
|
11,990.250
|
|
Bayesian Inf. Crit.
|
11,882.280
|
12,137.370
|
12,166.600
|
12,068.650
|
11,607.760
|
12,166.390
|
12,080.100
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
p<0.1; p<0.05; p<0.01
|
All emotions in single model
Linear regression model:
|
|
|
|
Dependent variable:
|
|
|
|
|
|
belief
|
click
|
share
|
|
|
(1)
|
(2)
|
(3)
|
|
|
|
trueC
|
0.210***
|
0.076*
|
0.126**
|
|
|
(0.065)
|
(0.044)
|
(0.056)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
angerC
|
-0.020*
|
-0.013
|
-0.035***
|
|
|
(0.010)
|
(0.010)
|
(0.011)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
disgustC
|
-0.032***
|
-0.070***
|
-0.071***
|
|
|
(0.011)
|
(0.010)
|
(0.012)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
fearC
|
0.101***
|
0.110***
|
0.150***
|
|
|
(0.010)
|
(0.009)
|
(0.010)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
happyC
|
0.228***
|
0.179***
|
0.245***
|
|
|
(0.010)
|
(0.010)
|
(0.011)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
sadC
|
0.094***
|
0.100***
|
0.103***
|
|
|
(0.009)
|
(0.008)
|
(0.009)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
surpriseC
|
0.063***
|
0.128***
|
0.110***
|
|
|
(0.008)
|
(0.008)
|
(0.009)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Constant
|
0.886***
|
0.911***
|
0.801***
|
|
|
(0.034)
|
(0.025)
|
(0.031)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Observations
|
13,410
|
13,409
|
13,409
|
|
Log Likelihood
|
-5,836.878
|
-5,154.609
|
-6,534.496
|
|
Akaike Inf. Crit.
|
11,695.760
|
10,331.220
|
13,090.990
|
|
Bayesian Inf. Crit.
|
11,778.300
|
10,413.760
|
13,173.530
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
p<0.1; p<0.05; p<0.01
|
Secondary Analysis
Emotions and time spent on belief question
|
with emotion
|
absence emo.
|
p.value
|
test
|
|
11.75
|
9.38
|
0.00
|
neutral
|
|
8.89
|
9.90
|
0.00
|
sad
|
|
8.65
|
9.84
|
0.00
|
fear
|
|
9.03
|
9.81
|
0.02
|
happy
|
|
10.46
|
9.52
|
0.27
|
anger
|
|
9.84
|
9.57
|
0.50
|
surprise
|
|
9.66
|
9.65
|
0.99
|
disgust
|
Emotion Regulation
Reappraisal
Logit
|
|
belief
|
click
|
share
|
|
Predictors
|
Odds Ratios
|
p
|
Odds Ratios
|
p
|
Odds Ratios
|
p
|
|
(Intercept)
|
2.27
|
0.047
|
1.24
|
0.613
|
0.38
|
0.044
|
|
erq_reapp
|
1.20
|
<0.001
|
1.40
|
<0.001
|
1.47
|
<0.001
|
|
trueC
|
38.42
|
<0.001
|
3.82
|
0.029
|
10.03
|
<0.001
|
|
erq_reapp * trueC
|
0.77
|
<0.001
|
0.94
|
0.294
|
0.82
|
0.001
|
|
Random Effects
|
|
σ2
|
3.29
|
3.29
|
3.29
|
|
τ00
|
1.49 respID
|
2.28 respID
|
3.32 respID
|
|
|
0.78 headline
|
0.64 headline
|
0.75 headline
|
|
ICC
|
0.41
|
0.47
|
0.55
|
|
N
|
1228 respID
|
1228 respID
|
1228 respID
|
|
|
10 headline
|
10 headline
|
10 headline
|
|
Observations
|
12280
|
12280
|
12280
|
|
Marginal R2 / Conditional R2
|
0.172 / 0.510
|
0.049 / 0.496
|
0.058 / 0.579
|
Linear
|
|
belief
|
click
|
share
|
|
Predictors
|
Estimates
|
p
|
Estimates
|
p
|
Estimates
|
p
|
|
(Intercept)
|
0.60
|
<0.001
|
0.59
|
<0.001
|
0.39
|
<0.001
|
|
erq_reapp
|
0.03
|
<0.001
|
0.04
|
<0.001
|
0.05
|
<0.001
|
|
trueC
|
0.53
|
<0.001
|
0.22
|
0.007
|
0.39
|
<0.001
|
|
erq_reapp * trueC
|
-0.05
|
<0.001
|
-0.02
|
0.003
|
-0.04
|
<0.001
|
|
Random Effects
|
|
σ2
|
0.13
|
0.12
|
0.14
|
|
τ00
|
0.02 respID
|
0.03 respID
|
0.06 respID
|
|
|
0.01 headline
|
0.01 headline
|
0.02 headline
|
|
ICC
|
0.22
|
0.27
|
0.36
|
|
N
|
1228 respID
|
1228 respID
|
1228 respID
|
|
|
10 headline
|
10 headline
|
10 headline
|
|
Observations
|
12280
|
12280
|
12280
|
|
Marginal R2 / Conditional R2
|
0.077 / 0.283
|
0.020 / 0.283
|
0.034 / 0.377
|
Suppression
Logit
|
|
belief
|
click
|
share
|
|
Predictors
|
Odds Ratios
|
p
|
Odds Ratios
|
p
|
Odds Ratios
|
p
|
|
(Intercept)
|
4.31
|
<0.001
|
4.99
|
<0.001
|
0.84
|
0.615
|
|
erq_supp
|
1.10
|
0.002
|
1.13
|
0.001
|
1.37
|
<0.001
|
|
trueC
|
19.49
|
<0.001
|
3.37
|
0.023
|
4.67
|
0.007
|
|
erq_supp * trueC
|
0.83
|
<0.001
|
0.95
|
0.172
|
0.92
|
0.021
|
|
Random Effects
|
|
σ2
|
3.29
|
3.29
|
3.29
|
|
τ00
|
1.50 respID
|
2.38 respID
|
3.29 respID
|
|
|
0.79 headline
|
0.64 headline
|
0.75 headline
|
|
ICC
|
0.41
|
0.48
|
0.55
|
|
N
|
1248 respID
|
1248 respID
|
1248 respID
|
|
|
10 headline
|
10 headline
|
10 headline
|
|
Observations
|
12480
|
12480
|
12480
|
|
Marginal R2 / Conditional R2
|
0.173 / 0.512
|
0.041 / 0.500
|
0.067 / 0.582
|
Linear
|
|
belief
|
click
|
share
|
|
Predictors
|
Estimates
|
p
|
Estimates
|
p
|
Estimates
|
p
|
|
(Intercept)
|
0.70
|
<0.001
|
0.75
|
<0.001
|
0.49
|
<0.001
|
|
erq_supp
|
0.02
|
<0.001
|
0.01
|
0.007
|
0.04
|
<0.001
|
|
trueC
|
0.37
|
<0.001
|
0.14
|
0.045
|
0.26
|
0.004
|
|
erq_supp * trueC
|
-0.03
|
<0.001
|
-0.01
|
0.015
|
-0.02
|
<0.001
|
|
Random Effects
|
|
σ2
|
0.13
|
0.12
|
0.14
|
|
τ00
|
0.02 respID
|
0.03 respID
|
0.06 respID
|
|
|
0.01 headline
|
0.01 headline
|
0.02 headline
|
|
ICC
|
0.22
|
0.27
|
0.35
|
|
N
|
1248 respID
|
1248 respID
|
1248 respID
|
|
|
10 headline
|
10 headline
|
10 headline
|
|
Observations
|
12480
|
12480
|
12480
|
|
Marginal R2 / Conditional R2
|
0.076 / 0.283
|
0.015 / 0.284
|
0.039 / 0.379
|
Cognitive Reflection
% Table created by stargazer v.5.2.2 by Marek Hlavac, Harvard University. E-mail: hlavac at fas.harvard.edu % Date and time: Thu, Dec 17, 2020 - 14:46:07
Correlations with CRT
|
|
|
|
Dependent variable:
|
|
|
|
|
|
crt_index
|
|
|
(1)
|
(2)
|
(3)
|
(4)
|
(5)
|
|
|
|
erq_reapp
|
-0.243***
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(0.054)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
erq_supp
|
-0.156***
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(0.034)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
age
|
-0.036***
|
-0.035***
|
-0.035***
|
-0.035***
|
-0.036***
|
|
|
(0.007)
|
(0.007)
|
(0.007)
|
(0.007)
|
(0.007)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
factor(gender)1
|
0.247**
|
0.174*
|
0.183*
|
0.158
|
0.187*
|
|
|
(0.100)
|
(0.100)
|
(0.100)
|
(0.099)
|
(0.100)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
edu
|
0.065
|
0.071*
|
0.070*
|
0.075*
|
0.070*
|
|
|
(0.041)
|
(0.042)
|
(0.042)
|
(0.041)
|
(0.042)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
factor(urban)1
|
0.231**
|
0.219*
|
0.222**
|
0.215*
|
0.238**
|
|
|
(0.111)
|
(0.112)
|
(0.112)
|
(0.112)
|
(0.112)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
factor(voted)1
|
-0.205**
|
-0.309***
|
-0.304***
|
-0.319***
|
-0.320***
|
|
|
(0.094)
|
(0.093)
|
(0.093)
|
(0.093)
|
(0.093)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
christ
|
0.178*
|
0.155
|
-0.167
|
|
0.070
|
|
|
(0.105)
|
(0.105)
|
(0.325)
|
|
(0.104)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
religiosity
|
-0.058
|
-0.062
|
-0.135
|
-0.058
|
|
|
|
(0.045)
|
(0.045)
|
(0.082)
|
(0.045)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
christ:religiosity
|
|
|
0.103
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(0.098)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Constant
|
4.297***
|
2.235***
|
2.464***
|
2.318***
|
2.122***
|
|
|
(0.464)
|
(0.365)
|
(0.426)
|
(0.361)
|
(0.338)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Observations
|
1,172
|
1,193
|
1,193
|
1,193
|
1,210
|
|
R2
|
0.082
|
0.040
|
0.041
|
0.038
|
0.039
|
|
Adjusted R2
|
0.075
|
0.034
|
0.034
|
0.033
|
0.034
|
|
Residual Std. Error
|
1.500 (df = 1162)
|
1.529 (df = 1185)
|
1.529 (df = 1184)
|
1.530 (df = 1186)
|
1.543 (df = 1203)
|
|
F Statistic
|
11.596*** (df = 9; 1162)
|
7.027*** (df = 7; 1185)
|
6.286*** (df = 8; 1184)
|
7.831*** (df = 6; 1186)
|
8.078*** (df = 6; 1203)
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
p<0.1; p<0.05; p<0.01
|
Correlations with discernment
|
|
|
|
Dependent variable:
|
|
|
|
|
|
discern
|
|
|
(1)
|
(2)
|
(3)
|
(4)
|
(5)
|
(6)
|
(7)
|
|
|
|
erq_reapp
|
-0.274***
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(0.054)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
erq_supp
|
|
-0.181***
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(0.033)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
crt_index
|
|
|
0.192***
|
0.191***
|
|
|
0.193***
|
|
|
|
|
(0.029)
|
(0.029)
|
|
|
(0.029)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
age
|
0.013*
|
0.009
|
0.018**
|
0.018**
|
0.012*
|
0.012*
|
0.018**
|
|
|
(0.007)
|
(0.007)
|
(0.007)
|
(0.007)
|
(0.007)
|
(0.007)
|
(0.007)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
factor(gender)1
|
0.153
|
0.252**
|
0.122
|
0.134
|
0.155
|
0.164*
|
0.121
|
|
|
(0.102)
|
(0.102)
|
(0.102)
|
(0.101)
|
(0.098)
|
(0.097)
|
(0.102)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
edu
|
0.061
|
0.055
|
0.049
|
0.046
|
0.052
|
0.050
|
0.047
|
|
|
(0.042)
|
(0.042)
|
(0.042)
|
(0.042)
|
(0.040)
|
(0.040)
|
(0.042)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
factor(urban)1
|
0.269**
|
0.279**
|
0.212*
|
0.216*
|
0.267**
|
0.269**
|
0.223**
|
|
|
(0.113)
|
(0.112)
|
(0.113)
|
(0.113)
|
(0.109)
|
(0.109)
|
(0.113)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
factor(APC_party)1
|
-0.376**
|
-0.370**
|
-0.363**
|
-0.344**
|
-0.395***
|
-0.383***
|
|
|
|
(0.146)
|
(0.144)
|
(0.144)
|
(0.143)
|
(0.142)
|
(0.141)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
factor(party_close)1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
-0.120
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(0.108)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
factor(voted)1
|
0.043
|
0.049
|
0.026
|
0.031
|
-0.017
|
-0.013
|
0.007
|
|
|
(0.097)
|
(0.097)
|
(0.096)
|
(0.096)
|
(0.094)
|
(0.094)
|
(0.097)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
factor(christ)1
|
-0.027
|
-0.121
|
-0.121
|
|
-0.084
|
|
-0.088
|
|
|
(0.108)
|
(0.106)
|
(0.106)
|
|
(0.105)
|
|
(0.106)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
religiosity
|
-0.067
|
-0.101**
|
-0.081*
|
-0.085*
|
-0.097**
|
-0.099**
|
-0.082*
|
|
|
(0.045)
|
(0.045)
|
(0.045)
|
(0.045)
|
(0.044)
|
(0.044)
|
(0.045)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
someuse
|
0.039
|
0.030
|
0.040*
|
0.040
|
0.036
|
0.036
|
0.040
|
|
|
(0.025)
|
(0.024)
|
(0.025)
|
(0.025)
|
(0.023)
|
(0.023)
|
(0.025)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Constant
|
6.308***
|
5.886***
|
4.476***
|
4.416***
|
5.012***
|
4.962***
|
4.469***
|
|
|
(0.516)
|
(0.469)
|
(0.447)
|
(0.444)
|
(0.427)
|
(0.422)
|
(0.448)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Observations
|
1,192
|
1,211
|
1,193
|
1,193
|
1,276
|
1,276
|
1,193
|
|
R2
|
0.048
|
0.051
|
0.062
|
0.061
|
0.028
|
0.028
|
0.058
|
|
Adjusted R2
|
0.040
|
0.043
|
0.054
|
0.054
|
0.021
|
0.021
|
0.050
|
|
Residual Std. Error
|
1.542 (df = 1181)
|
1.538 (df = 1200)
|
1.532 (df = 1182)
|
1.532 (df = 1183)
|
1.545 (df = 1266)
|
1.544 (df = 1267)
|
1.535 (df = 1182)
|
|
F Statistic
|
5.922*** (df = 10; 1181)
|
6.405*** (df = 10; 1200)
|
7.833*** (df = 10; 1182)
|
8.558*** (df = 9; 1183)
|
4.057*** (df = 9; 1266)
|
4.486*** (df = 8; 1267)
|
7.290*** (df = 10; 1182)
|
|
|
|
Note:
|
p<0.1; p<0.05; p<0.01
|
Does being asked about emotions/belief first matter?
|
|
belief
|
click
|
share
|
|
Predictors
|
Odds Ratios
|
p
|
Odds Ratios
|
p
|
Odds Ratios
|
p
|
|
(Intercept)
|
2.15
|
0.057
|
5.21
|
<0.001
|
1.80
|
0.142
|
|
veracity [true]
|
7.68
|
<0.001
|
2.72
|
0.042
|
3.04
|
0.045
|
|
A_or_B [B]
|
1.18
|
0.059
|
1.07
|
0.529
|
1.19
|
0.156
|
veracity [true] * A_or_B [B]
|
1.09
|
0.428
|
0.84
|
0.083
|
1.04
|
0.692
|
|
Random Effects
|
|
σ2
|
3.29
|
3.29
|
3.29
|
|
τ00
|
1.49 respID
|
2.53 respID
|
3.66 respID
|
|
|
0.80 headline
|
0.60 headline
|
0.76 headline
|
|
ICC
|
0.41
|
0.49
|
0.57
|
|
N
|
1341 respID
|
1341 respID
|
1341 respID
|
|
|
10 headline
|
10 headline
|
10 headline
|
|
Observations
|
13410
|
13409
|
13409
|
|
Marginal R2 / Conditional R2
|
0.164 / 0.506
|
0.032 / 0.503
|
0.041 / 0.591
|
|
|
belief
|
click
|
share
|
|
Predictors
|
Estimates
|
p
|
Estimates
|
p
|
Estimates
|
p
|
|
(Intercept)
|
0.64
|
<0.001
|
0.84
|
<0.001
|
0.70
|
<0.001
|
|
A_or_B [B]
|
0.03
|
0.236
|
0.01
|
0.502
|
0.01
|
0.549
|
|
Observations
|
1341
|
1341
|
1341
|
|
R2 / R2 adjusted
|
0.001 / 0.000
|
0.000 / -0.000
|
0.000 / -0.000
|